SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 11 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1561, 1705, 1704, 1609, 1935, 1936, 1929, 
    1528, 1527, 1526, 1508, 1534, 1533, 
    1841, 1531, 1529, 1530, 1843, 1532, 
    1515, 1904, 1873, 1897, 1896, 1728, 
    1607, 1608, 1606, 1703, 1578, 1396, 
    1605, 1206, 1586, 1934, 1932, 1933, 
    1656, 1542, 1640, 1543, 1655, 1927, 
    1926, 1815, 1808, 1541, 1829
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00175

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
      "key": "pt",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 49,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_products_categories.product_id in (1561,1705,1704,1609,1935,1936,1929,1528,1527,1526,1508,1534,1533,1841,1531,1529,1530,1843,1532,1515,1904,1873,1897,1896,1728,1607,1608,1606,1703,1578,1396,1605,1206,1586,1934,1932,1933,1656,1542,1640,1543,1655,1927,1926,1815,1808,1541,1829)"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "c_status", "p_category_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "ref": ["bacpvdev_db.cscart_products_categories.category_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.storefront_id in (0,1) and (cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' or find_in_set(0,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids) or find_in_set(1,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids)) and cscart_categories.`status` in ('A','H')"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "product_position_source",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "6",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "product_id"],
      "ref": ["const", "bacpvdev_db.cscart_products_categories.product_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100
    }
  }
}