SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 16 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    982, 981, 983, 828, 421, 647, 315, 624, 
    937, 1131, 671, 670, 42, 43, 1051, 936, 
    935, 599, 900, 44, 404, 835, 836, 1263, 
    322, 311, 312, 744, 742, 837, 537, 839, 
    621, 1048, 1049, 1014, 575, 1034, 1243, 
    1073, 1295, 497, 704, 700, 702, 705, 
    709, 698
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00197

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_products_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
      "key": "pt",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id"],
      "rows": 49,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_products_categories.product_id in (982,981,983,828,421,647,315,624,937,1131,671,670,42,43,1051,936,935,599,900,44,404,835,836,1263,322,311,312,744,742,837,537,839,621,1048,1049,1014,575,1034,1243,1073,1295,497,704,700,702,705,709,698)"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "c_status", "p_category_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "3",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id"],
      "ref": ["bacpvdev_db.cscart_products_categories.category_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100,
      "attached_condition": "cscart_categories.storefront_id in (0,1) and (cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' or find_in_set(0,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids) or find_in_set(1,cscart_categories.usergroup_ids)) and cscart_categories.`status` in ('A','H')"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "product_position_source",
      "access_type": "eq_ref",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "pt"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "6",
      "used_key_parts": ["category_id", "product_id"],
      "ref": ["const", "bacpvdev_db.cscart_products_categories.product_id"],
      "rows": 1,
      "filtered": 100
    }
  }
}